Contents.Classification and related languagesThe modern Macedonian language belongs to the of the branch of in the language family, together with and the extinct. Some authors classify to this group also the. Macedonian's closest relative is Bulgarian, with which it has a high degree of. The next closest relative is.between Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian reached its height during Yugoslav times when most Macedonians learned Serbo-Croatian as a compulsory language of education and knew and used a mixture of Serbian and Macedonian Serbian, or 'pseudo-Serbian.' There are claims that Macedonian was intentionally first during the process of its standardization. At that time the Bulgarian language was prohibited there.All, including Macedonian, form a.
Macedonian, along with Bulgarian and, falls into the, which is part of the broader, a group of languages that share, grammatical and lexical features based on geographical convergence, rather than genetic proximity. Other principal languages in this continuum are, and, all of which belong to different genetic branches of the family (Romanian is a, whereas Greek and Albanian comprise separate branches).Macedonian and Bulgarian are sharply divergent from the remaining South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, and indeed all other, in that they do not use (except for the, and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout the languages) and have lost the. They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have a set of three based on an external: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Bulgarian and Macedonian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the. Further information:The population of the was 2,022,547 in 2002, with 1,644,815 speaking Macedonian as their native language. Outside the Republic, there are Macedonians living in other parts of the.
There are minorities in neighbouring, in, in, and in. According to the official Albanian census of 1989, 4,697 ethnic Macedonians reside in Albania.A large number of Macedonians live outside the traditional Balkan, with, and the having the largest emigrant communities. According to a 1964 estimate, approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside the Macedonian Republic, nearly 30% of the total population. The Macedonian language has the status of official language only in the Republic of Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of , and ( and ). There are provisions for learning the Macedonian language in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group. Macedonian is taught in some universities in, the, the, and other countries.Greece.
See also: andThe historical and linguistic relationships between the Macedonian and Bulgarian languages are special and complicated. Macedonian researchers claim Macedonian is spoken in southwestern Bulgaria, whereas Bulgarian and Greek linguists argue Macedonian is a variety of Bulgarian.The began to degrade its specific social system, and especially the so-called, through constant identification of the religious creed with ethnicity. The national awakening of each ethnic group was complex and most of the groups interacted with each other.During the, which occurred in the first half of the 19th century, the Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs under the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy wanted to create and schools which would use a common modern 'Macedono-Bulgarian' literary standard, called simply Bulgarian. The national elites active in this movement used mainly ethnolinguistic principles to differentiation between 'Slavic-Bulgarian' and 'Greek' groups. At that time, every ethnographic subgroup in the Macedonian-Bulgarian linguistic area wrote in their own local dialect and choosing a 'base dialect' for the new standard was not an issue. Subsequently, during the 1850s and 1860s a long discussion was held in the Bulgarian periodicals about the need for a dialectal group (eastern, western or compromise) upon which to base the new standard and which dialect that should be.
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During the 1870s this issue became contentious, and sparked fierce debates.In 1878, a distinct Bulgarian state was established. The new state did not include the region of Macedonia which remained outside its borders in the frame of the. As a consequence, the idea of a common compromise standard was rejected by the Bulgarian codifiers during the 1880s and the eastern were chosen as a basis for standard Bulgarian. Writers and organizations who continued to seek greater representation of Macedonian dialects in the Bulgarian standard were deemed separatists. One example is the, which the Bulgarian government outlawed in 1892. Though standard Bulgarian was taught in the local schools in Macedonia till 1913, the fact of political separation became crucial for the development of a separate Macedonian language.With the advent of, the idea of linguistic separatism emerged in the late 19th century, and the need for a separate Macedonian standard language subsequently appeared in the early 20th century.
In the Interwar period, the territory of today's Republic of Macedonia became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgarian was banned for use and the local vernacular fell under heavy influence from the official Serbo-Croatian language. However, the political and paramilitary organizations of the Macedonian Slavs in Europe and the Americas, the (IMRO) and the (MPO), and even their left-wing offsets, the IMRO (United) and the Macedonian-American People's League continued to use literary Bulgarian in their writings and propaganda in the interbellum. During the World wars Bulgaria's short annexations over Macedonia saw two attempts to bring the Macedonian dialects back towards Bulgarian. This political situation stimulated the necessity of a separate Macedonian language and led gradually to its codification after the Second World War. It followed the establishment of, as part of Communist Yugoslavia and finalized the progressive split in the common Macedonian–Bulgarian language.During the first half of the 20th century the national identity of the Macedonian Slavs shifted from predominantly Bulgarian to ethnic Macedonian and their regional identity had become their national one. Although, there was no clear separating line between these two languages on level of dialect then, the Macedonian standard was based on its westernmost dialects.
Afterwards, Macedonian became the official language in the new republic, Serbo-Croatian was adopted as a second official language, and Bulgarian was proscribed. Moreover, in 1946–1948 the newly standardized Macedonian language was introduced as a second language even in Southwestern Bulgaria. Subsequently, the sharp and continuous deterioration of the political relationships between the two countries, the influence of both standard languages during the time, but also the strong Serbo-Croatian linguistic influence in Yugoslav era, led to a horizontal cross-border dialectal divergence. Although some researchers have described the standard Macedonian and Bulgarian languages as of a, they in fact have separate dialectal bases; the and, respectively. The prevailing academic consensus (outside of Bulgaria and Greece) is that Macedonian and Bulgarian are two within the eastern subbranch of the.
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Macedonian is thus an; i.e. It is delimited from Bulgarian as these two standard languages have separate dialectal bases. The uniqueness of the Macedonian language in comparison to is a matter of in Bulgaria. UsageThe total number of Macedonian speakers is highly disputed. Although the precise number of speakers is unknown, figures of between 1.6 million (from ) and 2–2.5 million have been cited; see. The general academic consensus is that there are approximately 2 million speakers of the Macedonian language, accepting that 'it is difficult to determine the total number of speakers of Macedonian due to the official policies of the neighbouring Balkan states and the fluid nature of emigration':?).
According to the censuses and figures, the number of speakers of Macedonian is:StateNumberCensus dataLower rangeHigher rangeNorth Macedonia1,344,8151,344,8152,022,547Albania4,4434,44330,000Bulgaria1,4041,404Greece35,000Serbia12,70612,706Rest of the Balkans15,80725,000Canada18,50,000Australia72,00,000Germany62,29585,000Italy50,00074,162United States45,000200,000Switzerland6,41560,116Rest of world101,600110,000Total1,710,6704,100,000 Dialects. Main articles: andAs with the issue of, the politicians, linguists and common people from North Macedonia and neighbouring countries have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language.In the ninth century AD, introduced, the first Slavic language of literacy. Written with their newly invented script, this language was based largely on the dialect of Slavs spoken around; this dialect is closest to present-day Macedonian and.Often described as being dialects of Bulgarian or Serbian or neither prior to the establishment of the standard, the current academic consensus (outside of Bulgaria) is that Macedonian is an within the South Slavic dialect continuum.
Bulgarian view.